Who Really Runs Pakistan?
Early Post-Independence Suspicions (1947–1951) From the very outset of Pakistan’s history, there were signs that real power might lie outside the civilian leadership. In October 1947, as fighting started in Kashmir, Jinnah (then Governor-General) ordered the army to move into Kashmir – only to have his British commander-in-chief refuse to comply. The British high command’s “stand down” order effectively overruled Jinnah’s wishes, foreshadowing a pattern of military assertiveness over civilian decisions. A year later, in September 1948, Jinnah’s own death became shrouded in controversy. Critically ill, he was flown from Quetta to Karachi with little official fanfare – greeted only by a military secretary, an ambulance and a car. Disturbingly, the ambulance broke down just four miles into the journey, forcing a nearly one-hour delay before a replacement arrived. Jinnah spent his final hours stranded on a roadside, which many later found “inexplicable” and suspicious, fueling sp...